7.1.2: Properties of Angles (2024)

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    Learning Objectives
    • Identify parallel and perpendicular lines.
    • Find measures of angles.
    • Identify complementary and supplementary angles.

    Introduction

    Imagine two separate and distinct lines on a plane. There are two possibilities for these lines: they will either intersect at one point, or they will never intersect. When two lines intersect, four angles are formed. Understanding how these angles relate to each other can help you figure out how to measure them, even if you only have information about the size of one angle.

    Parallel and Perpendicular

    Parallel lines are two or more lines that never intersect. Likewise, parallel line segments are two line segments that never intersect even if the line segments were turned into lines that continued forever. Examples of parallel line segments are all around you, in the two sides of this page and in the shelves of a bookcase. When you see lines or structures that seem to run in the same direction, never cross one another, and are always the same distance apart, there’s a good chance that they are parallel.

    Perpendicular lines are two lines that intersect at a 90o (right) angle. And perpendicular line segments also intersect at a 90o (right) angle. You can see examples of perpendicular lines everywhere as well: on graph paper, in the crossing pattern of roads at an intersection, to the colored lines of a plaid shirt. In our daily lives, you may be happy to call two lines perpendicular if they merely seem to be at right angles to one another. When studying geometry, however, you need to make sure that two lines intersect at a 90o angle before declaring them to be perpendicular.

    The image below shows some parallel and perpendicular lines. The geometric symbol for parallel is ||, so you can show that \(\ \overleftrightarrow{A B} \| \overleftrightarrow{C D}\). Parallel lines are also often indicated by the marking >> on each line (or just a single > on each line). Perpendicular lines are indicated by the symbol \(\ \perp\), so you can write \(\ \overleftrightarrow{W X} \perp \overleftrightarrow{Y Z}\).

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (2)

    If two lines are parallel, then any line that is perpendicular to one line will also be perpendicular to the other line. Similarly, if two lines are both perpendicular to the same line, then those two lines are parallel to each other. Let’s take a look at one example and identify some of these types of lines.

    Example

    Identify a set of parallel lines and a set of perpendicular lines in the image below.

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (3)

    Solution

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (4)

    Parallel lines never meet, and perpendicular lines intersect at a right angle.

    \(\ \overleftrightarrow{A B}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{C D}\) do not intersect in this image, but if you imagine extending both lines, they will intersect soon. So, they are neither parallel nor perpendicular.

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (5) \(\ \overleftrightarrow{A B}\) is perpendicular to both \(\ \overleftrightarrow{W X}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{Y Z}\), as indicated by the right-angle marks at the intersection of those lines.
    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (6) Since \(\ \overleftrightarrow{A B}\) is perpendicular to both lines, then \(\ \overleftrightarrow{W X}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{Y Z}\) are parallel.

    \(\ \overleftrightarrow{W X} \| \overleftrightarrow{Y Z}\)

    \(\ \overleftrightarrow{A B} \perp \overleftrightarrow{W X}, \overleftrightarrow{A B} \perp \overleftrightarrow{Y Z}\)

    Exercise

    Which statement most accurately represents the image below?

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (7)

    1. \(\ \overleftrightarrow{E F} \| \overleftrightarrow{G H}\)
    2. \(\ \overleftrightarrow{A B} \perp \overleftrightarrow{E G}\)
    3. \(\ \overleftrightarrow{F H} \| \overleftrightarrow{E G}\)
    4. \(\ \overleftrightarrow{A B} \| \overleftrightarrow{F H}\)
    Answer
    1. Incorrect. This image shows the lines \(\ \overleftrightarrow{E G}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{F H}\), not \(\ \overleftrightarrow{E F}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{G H}\). Both \(\ \overleftrightarrow{E G}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{F H}\) are marked with >> on each line, and those markings mean they are parallel. The correct answer is \(\ \overleftrightarrow{F H} \| \overleftrightarrow{E G}\).
    2. Incorrect. \(\ \overleftrightarrow{A B}\) does intersect \(\ \overleftrightarrow{E G}\), but the intersection does not form a right angle. This means that they cannot be perpendicular. The correct answer is \(\ \overleftrightarrow{F H} \| \overleftrightarrow{E G}\).
    3. Correct. Both \(\ \overleftrightarrow{E G}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{F H}\) are marked with >> on each line, and those markings mean they are parallel.
    4. Incorrect. \(\ \overleftrightarrow{A B}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{F H}\) intersect, so they cannot be parallel. Both \(\ \overleftrightarrow{E G}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{F H}\) are marked with >> on each line, and those markings mean they are parallel. The correct answer is \(\ \overleftrightarrow{F H} \| \overleftrightarrow{E G}\).

    Finding Angle Measurements

    Understanding how parallel and perpendicular lines relate can help you figure out the measurements of some unknown angles. To start, all you need to remember is that perpendicular lines intersect at a 90o angle, and that a straight angle measures 180o.

    The measure of an angle such as \(\ \angle A\) is written as \(\ m \angle A\). Look at the example below. How can you find the measurements of the unmarked angles?

    Example

    Find the measurement of \(\ \angle I J F\).

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (8)

    Solution

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (9)

    Only one angle, \(\ \angle H J M\), is marked in the image. Notice that it is a right angle, so it measures 90o.

    \(\ \angle H J M\) is formed by the intersection of lines \(\ \overleftrightarrow{I M}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{H F}\). Since \(\ \overleftrightarrow{I M}\) is a line, \(\ \angle I J M\) is a straight angle measuring 180o.

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (10)

    You can use this information to find the measurement of \(\ \angle H J I\):

    \(\ \begin{array}{c}
    m \angle H J M+m \angle H J I=m \angle I J M \\
    90^{\circ}+m \angle H J I=180^{\circ} \\
    m \angle H J I=90^{\circ}
    \end{array}\)

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (11) Now use the same logic to find the measurement of \(\ \angle I J F\). \(\ \angle I J F\) is formed by the intersection of lines \(\ \overleftrightarrow{I M}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{H F}\). Since \(\ \overleftrightarrow{H F}\) is a line, \(\ \angle H J F\) will be a straight angle measuring 180o.
    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (12)

    You know that \(\ \angle H J I\) measures 90o. Use this information to find the measurement of \(\ \angle I J F\):

    \(\ \begin{array}{c}
    m \angle H J I+m \angle I J F=m \angle H J F \\
    90^{\circ}+m \angle I J F=180^{\circ} \\
    m \angle I J F=90^{\circ}
    \end{array}\)

    \(\ m \angle I J F=90^{\circ}\)

    In this example, you may have noticed that angles \(\ \angle H J I, \angle I J F, \text { and } \angle H J M\) are all right angles. (If you were asked to find the measurement of \(\ \angle F J M\), you would find that angle to be 90o, too.) This is what happens when two lines are perpendicular: the four angles created by the intersection are all right angles.

    Not all intersections happen at right angles, though. In the example below, notice how you can use the same technique as shown above (using straight angles) to find the measurement of a missing angle.

    Example

    Find the measurement of \(\ \angle D A C\).

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (13)

    Solution

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (14) This image shows the line \(\ \overleftrightarrow{B C}\) and the ray \(\ \overrightarrow{A D}\) intersecting at point \(\ A\). The measurement of \(\ \angle B A D\) is 135o. You can use straight angles to find the measurement of \(\ \angle D A C\).
    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (15) \(\ \angle B A C\) is a straight angle, so it measures 180o.
    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (16)

    Use this information to find the measurement of \(\ \angle D A C\).

    \(\ \begin{array}{c}
    m \angle B A D+m \angle D A C=m \angle B A C \\
    135^{\circ}+m \angle D A C=180^{\circ} \\
    m \angle D A C=45^{\circ}
    \end{array}\)

    \(\ m \angle D A C=45^{\circ}\)

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (17)

    Exercise

    Find the measurement of \(\ \angle C A D\).

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (18)

    1. 43o
    2. 137o
    3. 147o
    4. 317o
    Answer

    Supplementary and Complementary

    In the example above, \(\ m \angle B A C\) and \(\ m \angle D A C\) add up to 180o. Two angles whose measures add up to 180o are called supplementary angles. There’s also a term for two angles whose measurements add up to 90o; they are called complementary angles.

    One way to remember the difference between the two terms is that “corner” and “complementary” each begin with c (a 90o angle looks like a corner), while straight and “supplementary” each begin with s (a straight angle measures 180o).

    If you can identify supplementary or complementary angles within a problem, finding missing angle measurements is often simply a matter of adding or subtracting.

    Example

    Two angles are supplementary. If one of the angles measures 48o, what is the measurement of the other angle?

    Solution

    \(\ m \angle A+m \angle B=180^{\circ}\) Two supplementary angles make up a straight angle, so the measurements of the two angles will be 180o.
    \(\ \begin{array}{l}
    48^{\circ}+m \angle B=180^{\circ} \\
    m \angle B=180^{\circ}-48^{\circ} \\
    m \angle B=132^{\circ}
    \end{array}\)
    You know the measurement of one angle. To find the measurement of the second angle, subtract 48o from 180o.

    The measurement of the other angle is 132o.

    Example

    Find the measurement of \(\ \angle A X Z\).

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (19)

    Solution

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (20)

    This image shows two intersecting lines, \(\ \overleftrightarrow{A B}\) and \(\ \overleftrightarrow{Y Z}\). They intersect at point \(\ X\), forming four angles.

    Angles \(\ \angle A X Y\) and \(\ \angle A X Z\) are supplementary because together they make up the straight angle \(\ \angle Y X Z\).

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (21)

    Use this information to find the measurement of \(\ \angle A X Z\).

    \(\ \begin{array}{c}
    m \angle A X Y+m \angle A X Z=m \angle Y X Z \\
    30^{\circ}+m \angle A X Z=180^{\circ} \\
    m \angle A X Z=150^{\circ}
    \end{array}\)

    \(\ m \angle A X Z=150^{\circ}\)

    Example

    Find the measurement of \(\ \angle B A C\).

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (22)

    Solution

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (23)

    This image shows the line \(\ \overleftrightarrow{C F}\) and the rays \(\ \overrightarrow{A B}\) and \(\ \overrightarrow{A D}\), all intersecting at point \(\ A\). Angle \(\ \angle B A D\) is a right angle.

    Angles \(\ \angle B A C\) and \(\ \angle C A D\) are complementary, because together they create \(\ \angle B A D\).

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (24)

    Use this information to find the measurement of \(\ \angle B A C\).

    \(\ \begin{array}{c}
    m \angle B A C+m \angle C A D=m \angle B A D \\
    m \angle B A C+50^{\circ}=90^{\circ} \\
    m \angle B A C=40^{\circ}
    \end{array}\)

    \(\ m \angle B A C=40^{\circ}\)

    Example

    Find the measurement of \(\ \angle C A D\).

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (25)

    Solution

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (26) You know the measurements of two angles here: \(\ \angle C A B\) and \(\ \angle D A E\). You also know that \(\ m \angle B A E=180^{\circ}\).
    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (27)

    Use this information to find the measurement of \(\ \angle C A D\).

    \(\ \begin{array}{c}
    m \angle B A C+m \angle C A D+m \angle D A E=m \angle B A E \\
    25^{\circ}+m \angle C A D+75^{\circ}=180^{\circ} \\
    m \angle C A D+100^{\circ}=180^{\circ} \\
    m \angle C A D=80^{\circ}
    \end{array}\)

    \(\ m \angle C A D=80^{\circ}\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    Which pair of angles is complementary?

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (28)

    1. \(\ \angle P K O \text { and } \angle M K N\)
    2. \(\ \angle P K O \text { and } \angle P K M\)
    3. \(\ \angle L K P \text { and } \angle L K N\)
    4. \(\ \angle L K M \text { and } \angle M K N\)
    Answer
    1. Incorrect. The measures of complementary angles add up to 90o. It looks like the measures of these angles may add up to 90o, but there is no way to be sure, so you cannot say that they are complementary. The correct answer is \(\ \angle L K M \text { and } \angle M K N\).
    2. Incorrect. \(\ \angle P K O \text { and } \angle P K M\) are supplementary angles (not complementary angles) because together they comprise the straight angle \(\ \angle O K M\). The correct answer is \(\ \angle L K M \text { and } \angle M K N\).
    3. Incorrect. \(\ \angle L K P \text { and } \angle L K N\) are supplementary angles (not complementary angles) because together they comprise the straight angle \(\ \angle P K N\). The correct answer is \(\ \angle L K M \text { and } \angle M K N\).
    4. Correct. The measurements of two complementary angles will add up to 90o. \(\ \angle L K P\) is a right angle, so \(\ \angle L K N\) must be a right angle as well. \(\ \angle L K M+\angle M K N=\angle L K N\), so \(\ \angle L K M \text { and } \angle M K N\) are complementary.

    Summary

    Parallel lines do not intersect, while perpendicular lines cross at a 90o. angle. Two angles whose measurements add up to 180o are said to be supplementary, and two angles whose measurements add up to 90o are said to be complementary. For most pairs of intersecting lines, all you need is the measurement of one angle to find the measurements of all other angles formed by the intersection.

    7.1.2: Properties of Angles (2024)

    FAQs

    What are the 7 types of angles? ›

    The names of basic angles are Acute angle, Obtuse angle, Right angle, Straight angle, reflex angle and full rotation. An angle is geometrical shape formed by joining two rays at their end-points. An angle is usually measured in degrees.

    What are the properties of parallel lines Class 9? ›

    Properties of Parallel Lines

    Corresponding angles are equal. Vertical angles/ Vertically opposite angles are equal. Alternate interior angles are equal. Alternate exterior angles are equal.

    What are congruent angles with parallel lines? ›

    Answer: When two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, the angles that are on the same side of the transversal and in matching corners, will be congruent. Angles 1 and 2 are congruent angles, so both have an angle measure of 67°.

    What are the properties of the angles? ›

    Properties of Angles

    Important properties of the angle are: For one side of a straight line, the sum of all the angles always measures 180 degrees. The sum of all angles always measures 360 degrees around a point. An angle is a figure where, from a common position, two rays appear.

    Which is a property of an angle answer? ›

    The following are the important properties of angles: The sum of all the angles on one side of a straight line is always equal to 180 degrees, The sum of all the angles around the point is always equal to 360 degrees.

    What are 6 types of angles in parallel lines? ›

    When any two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, there are various pairs of angles that are formed. These angles are corresponding angles, alternate interior angles, alternate exterior angles, and consecutive interior angles.

    What are the three 3 properties of parallel lines? ›

    Parallel lines can be easily identified using the following fundamental properties and characteristics:
    • They are always straight lines with an equal distance between each other.
    • They are coplanar lines.
    • They never intersect, no matter how far you try to extend them in any given direction.

    How to solve parallel lines? ›

    For parallel lines, the slopes must be equal, so the slope of the new line must also be . We can plug the new slope and the given point into the slope-intercept form to solve for the y-intercept of the new line. Use the y-intercept in the slope-intercept equation to find the final answer.

    What is the meaning of AAS in math? ›

    AAS (Angle-Angle-Side) [Application of ASA]

    AAS stands for Angle-Angle-Side. When two angles and a non-included side of a triangle are equal to the corresponding angles and sides of another triangle, then the triangles are said to be congruent. AAS congruence can be proved in easy steps.

    Are same side interior angles supplementary? ›

    The same-side interior angle theorem states that when two lines that are parallel are intersected by a transversal line, the same-side interior angles that are formed are supplementary, or add up to 180 degrees.

    What is the formula for finding the angle? ›

    FAQs on Angles Formulas

    Angles Formulas at the center of a circle can be expressed as, Central angle, θ = (Arc length × 360º)/(2πr) degrees or Central angle, θ = Arc length/r radians, where r is the radius of the circle.

    How do you teach the properties of an angle? ›

    Tell students that an acute angle is smaller than a right angle, or under 90 degrees, and that an obtuse angle is wider than a right angle, or greater than 90 degrees. Tell students that when an angle measures exactly 180 degrees, it just looks like a straight line and is referred to as a straight angle.

    What is the formula for right angle properties? ›

    What is the Formula for a Right-Angled Triangle? The formula which is used for a right-angled triangle is the Pythagoras theorem. It states that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. This means, (Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Altitude)2.

    What is the formula for the angle sum property? ›

    The angle sum property formula for any polygon is expressed as, S = ( n − 2) × 180°, where 'n' represents the number of sides in the polygon. The angle sum property of a polygon states that the sum of the interior angles in a polygon can be found with the help of the number of triangles that can be formed inside it.

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